Car tuning - global manufacturers and their alternatives
Let’s start with a short overview of the world’s famous tuning studios, from which you can order any body kit or its parts, as well as develop an exclusive design (including online). Let me make a reservation right away, this pleasure is not cheap, it is for those who are really ready to fully invest in their favorite car.
Tuning as a concept
Car tuning has recently gained incredible popularity all over the world, including here. Interest in this topic is largely fueled by a number of popular feature films, such as “The Fast and the Furious,” “Taxi,” “Transporter,” as well as a whole galaxy of computer racing simulators that can captivate not only teenagers, but also respectable people.
Tuning from English - adjustment, tuning. In the automotive industry, tuning means improving the driving characteristics of a car: maximum speed, aerodynamics, acceleration and braking efficiency, cross-country ability (if we are talking about SUVs), etc.
In the philistine environment (that is, among us - ordinary motorists), the concept of “tuning” is much broader: it includes changing the appearance, remodeling the interior, improving the sound, and even coloring.
In America and Western Europe, a “pumped car” is a car made for a specific owner, based on his preferences and interests.
But in our country, only a few people can be called connoisseurs of real car tuning.
And the workshops where they can competently “pump up” a car by making significant changes to the design of the engine, suspension and other elements of the car can be counted on the fingers of one hand.
However, the phrase “car tuning” most often means only external finishing, which in general is not bad in itself, since it indicates the owner’s desire to ensure that his car is somehow different from thousands of other cars.
Tuning can change the appearance of a car beyond recognition / Photo from pcauto.com.cn
Some people think that exterior decoration is the simplest thing. After all, it extends from banal stickers, moldings and tinting to plastic canopies and chrome plating. And at the same time, rarely does anyone at this level engage in calculations and research.
As a rule, it is enough for the majority of motorists to be guided solely by aesthetic considerations. And they are, in principle, right, since these bells and whistles do not carry any practical load on a standard car.
The main thing is not to cause harm.
But for those who have more deeply improved the technical part of the car, such additions will even be useful, because all these spoilers, wings, body kits, etc., increase pressure on the road, create the “correct” air flows and vacuum areas in the right places, and promote additional cooling engine compartment and brake system. However, people who are preparing a car so that it “doesn’t drive fast, but flies low” know that external tuning can actually affect the increase in power and speed of the car.
One of the implementation options is to order the delivery of a “body kit” (a set of equipment for external tuning), a ready-made solution for a specific car. Moreover, there are plenty of manufacturers of high-quality components for modifying cars in the world. Often their products - aerodynamic body kits - are included in the standard equipment of some cars.
As you know, an aerodynamic body kit is various linings on the body to increase the streamlining of the car. The lower the drag coefficient Cx, the higher the streamlining - not only the maximum speed and acceleration dynamics, but also fuel consumption depend on this.
So, for example, at a speed of about 100 km/h in a rather angular car from the late 1980s, noise appears in the area of the windshield pillars, but in passenger cars from the late 1990s this is not observed precisely due to more sophisticated aerodynamics.
To increase the maximum speed of American Nascar racing cars by 8 km/h, according to engineering calculations, either an increase in engine power of 50 hp will be required. s., or a decrease in Cx by 15%.
This is the arithmetic in favor of aerodynamics.
However, when you start improving aerodynamic properties, you should remember that you need to use high-quality components, which are not only thought out by specialists in terms of shape, but also made of high-quality materials with guaranteed reliable fastening.
Manufacturing companies
Who produces really worthwhile body kits that pass all kinds of tests?
Let me make a reservation right away: I don’t take into account the “court” studios of automakers, such as Fiat’s Abarth or Hamann from BMW. We are talking strictly about “free artists” who are able to create outside of any allotted framework and marketing conventions.
Kerscher Tuning and Rieger Tuning are considered one of the most famous manufacturers of body kits and their elements for European car brands.
The first of these companies specializes not only in the production of external elements, but also in the manufacture of exhaust systems, rims and spacers for them, and much more.
Body kits from Kerscher are available to owners of cars of almost all German brands of different classes and years of production (the only exception is Mercedes-Benz, which has its own “court” tuning studio with the exclusive right to any improvements in the design).
The company's specialists work with plastic, which, unlike fiberglass, does not crack upon impact, is more durable, and is also cheaper.
Photo from jms-fahrzeugteile.de
Except in Germany at its own plant, Kerscher products are not produced anywhere else. So the buyer cannot face poor quality of products and the impossibility of installing “seemingly suitable” components on production cars. The delivery set necessarily includes all the necessary fasteners.
The second company producing aerodynamic body kits for “Europeans” is Rieger Tuning.
It is not tailored, like the first one, strictly for the German auto industry, and therefore its body kits improve the appearance of representatives of a number of other brands, such as Skoda, SEAT, FIAT, Peugeot and the “European” Ford.
The company was founded in Germany in 1987 and, in addition to producing body kits, sells technical tuning components from third-party manufacturers.
Car tuning / Photo from fancytuning.com
The Rieger catalog can be said to be an encyclopedia of European styling, since the company’s product range allows you to radically redesign the car’s appearance and make only minor changes. Rieger Tuning also provides certification services to companies working with small-scale kits or unique products.
Another well-known manufacturer of body kits for SUVs, whose workshops and headquarters are based in Germany (near the ancient town of Bielefeld) is Cobra Technologie & Lifestyle.
This studio mainly works on SUVs. Moreover, “Jeeper” body kits from “Cobra” are also available for a large number of Japanese and Korean models (globalization, however).
For example, kits for improving the appearance of the previous generation Nissan Murano and Pathfinder are very interesting.
Let me note that a body kit for an SUV is completely different from a body kit for a passenger car - it differs not only in appearance, but also in functional features: instead of “sleek” side “skirts”, a jeep should have chrome-plated arches that can protect the sills and bottom during driving on a dirt road.
VeilSide is one of the most famous and respected Japanese manufacturers of external elements in its country and abroad. It is enough to note the fact that in 1991 at the Tokyo Motor Show this tuning company received the main prize in the “Best Modified Car” category. But at that time the company was not even six months old. Since then, she has gained worldwide fame.
Photo from dianliwenmi.com
When creating body kits and their elements, VeilSide freely relies on the activities of third-party companies: for example, organizations involved in the study of aerodynamics and new materials. In addition, the company's management managed to certify its original parts, and as a result, VeilSide became the first manufacturer of tuning products to receive a quality certificate.
Now, in addition to the main Japanese enterprise, there is also an American branch.
Other popular manufacturers of aerodynamic body kits and their components from the Land of the Rising Sun include Auto Couture, Impul and Varis.
Auto Couture produces, so to speak, elite products. Here they work on the appearance of not only cars produced for the domestic market, but also on purely export models, such as Lexus.
And even the owners of some European cars have the opportunity to modify the external styling of their cars using Japanese elements (since Auto Couture products are exclusive, the company’s lineup includes only samples for elite models, for example, for the Mercedes-Benz S600, BMW 7 Series or Maseratti Quattroporte ).
Photo from autohome.com.cn
As for the Impul company, it is tailored exclusively for Nissan. But they make such body kits that they change the appearance of even seemingly unstyling “Japanese women”.
Thus, through the efforts of Impul, the stock Nissan March (in the K11 body) is transformed from a “women’s car” into a thunderstorm of circuit racing: a rear spoiler, massive bumpers with huge slots and linings that make the wheel arches visually wider.
In addition to producing aerodynamic body kits, Impul also produces exhaust systems, filters, instruments, suspension parts and much more.
But the Varis company from Kanagawa is working on the appearance of cars from almost all local manufacturers (with the exception of small-scale production plants). Varis specialists have extensive experience working with the now fashionable carbon fiber and the similar, but much more durable Kevlar. But composites are expensive products for customers with deep pockets or wealthy sports car clubs.
For the average car owner, the company produces a large range of plastic body kits with very interesting shapes and designs. Moreover, Varis still produces kits for some machines that have long been discontinued. For example, today the owners of Skylines in body 32 and Levinov AE86 can find a hood or trunk lid in their catalogue.
If we touch on globalization again, then on the European market you can find many external body solutions with the inscription “Made in Australia” on the accompanying documents.
One may, of course, wonder how products from the Green Continent were brought here, but nevertheless, the EGR company from Brisbane, which employs more than 800 specialists, creates aerodynamic body kits for models that have just appeared on the market, that is, for the most advanced ones. And therefore the company is provided with constant demand for its products.
EGR / Photo from autoaccessoriesgarage.com
In order to still be closer to the customer, in 1990 EGR opened a British branch of the company with its own design office.
Alternatives
These are not all companies involved in the production of aerodynamic body kits. But in addition to the originality of the solutions, the above solutions also guarantee 100% quality. For some of them, the production of external tuning elements is the main occupation, for others it is only one of the activities.
Some work with plastic, a smaller part with fiberglass, and some may also offer carbon parts.
But no matter what material the products of these companies are made from, they will never come off at high speed from the car for which they are intended, and will not cause an accident for the vehicle driving behind you.
However, if you can’t afford to pay for an order from a venerable foreign tuning studio (I agree, there is probably a much more important use for the money), then you can contact our own workshop in your own (or neighboring) city, which has a positive reputation (or better, if examples I was able to examine its tuning myself, and from different angles). It will be cheaper. But the time frame for the project will probably be greatly extended, since the local workshop, despite all the skills of the staff, is not a factory that produces products using an industrial method.
Well, for those who have sharpened hands correctly, and in addition, have the opportunity to find free time, the so-called garage tuning may be quite suitable. Why not? What's the main thing here? Follow technology.
Well, act according to the principle of the attending physician: “Do no harm.” But the savings in money will be significant (but not in time - in this case it is quite difficult to set deadlines).
And the result may turn out to be very good - depending on the possession of a “sense of beauty” and the necessary hard work.
Source: https://informburo.kz/stati/tyuning-chtob-ne-tak-kak-u-vseh.html
Tuning studio Tuningwerk
The famous German tuning studio presented its new work to the audience and fans of exclusive cars. It became an additional version of the BMW 1M Coupe, which was called 1M RS.
The car's transformations began with improvements to the power unit; the original 3.0-liter engine was radically improved. The changes included a modified turbocharger, an updated exhaust system, and a significantly improved cooling system.
In connection with all these upgrades, it was necessary to reconfigure the power unit control unit. Thanks to the changes made, engine power increased from 335 to 521 horsepower, and torque from 450 Nm to 614 Nm. This engine output is possible at 2800 rpm.
Tuners Tuningwerk assure that the speed capabilities of the modified car will increase to 300 km/h. This growth was made possible by improving the transmission and installing a racing clutch.
Changes occurred not only in the power equipment, the weight of the car was significantly reduced by replacing the hood and trunk with similar ones - carbon fiber. The front spoilers, sports seat backrests and rear wing are also made from carbon fiber.
Forged 19-inch ATS wheels are shod with low-profile Dunlop Sport Maxx tires in different sizes. A stiffer sports suspension increases vehicle stability, and stronger brakes allow shorter stopping distances at high speeds.
In addition to all the existing innovations, the company offers the option of installing a safety cage in the cabin instead of the rear sofa. The announced cost of the modernized BMW 1M Coupe RS is $156,500.
An interesting project carried out by the Tuningwerk tuning studio was a new package of after-sales options for the BMW M135i hatchback. The main direction in the modernization process was to increase the power of power equipment by increasing the productivity of technical units.
Based on these changes, the handling of the car itself has improved. In order to increase safety, the BMW interior was partially refurbished, and the braking system was also strengthened for these purposes.
The Tuningwerk company boosted the original 3-liter twin-turbo engine.
Work was carried out to increase the pressure of the turbines, install an intermediate intercooler, an additional fan in the engine cooling system, replace the flywheel and install a sports exhaust system.
All these changes in the power system led to the need to reconfigure the electronic control unit. This modernization made it possible to increase the car's power from 320 to 450 horsepower.
An additional option to the developed package of changes is the installation of clutch optimization, the use of a limited slip differential, and equipping the car with KW Clubsport coilovers and 18-inch multi-spoke wheels. It is also proposed to replace the brake pads and hoses with more modern ones. An important proposal is the possibility of installing a tubular frame in the cabin to increase safety, as well as Recaro seats.
The popular German tuning studio Tuningwerk has unveiled its next project to produce a lightweight, souped-up version of the BMW 7, which will be capable of accelerating to a speed of 100 km/h in 3.5 seconds. The craftsmen of this modern company carried out work to improve this car in two directions.
The weight of the car was reduced by 120 kg by replacing some parts with carbon ones, as well as thanks to a lightweight exhaust system. Due to many changes, the car's power increased to 720 horsepower, and the torque became 1090 Nm. Such modifications make it possible to accelerate a two-ton car to a speed of 350 km/h.
Currently, the tuning company Tuningwerk is starting to modernize the standard BMW 750 Li with a 4.4 liter turbo engine. This car is being developed in two directions.
The first package involves increasing engine power by 123 horsepower. The car's power was converted to 530 hp and torque to 740 Nm.
Such transformations allow the limousine to accelerate to 100 km/h in 4.2 seconds.
The second option involves a maximum increase in power to 720 hp and torque to 1090 Nm. The modernization of the car includes the installation of a lightweight CarbonCeramic braking system, a new sports exhaust, an aerodynamic body kit and spoilers on the trunk lid. This also includes 20-inch black wheels shod in Pirelli P-Zero tires.
Source: https://vc-tuning.ru/tyuning-atele-tuningwerk
Toyota Corolla Forum
Buying, selling, exchanging, between teammates
raindogs Messages: 26 Registered: Oct 25, 2013, 12:40 pm Car: Corolla
#1
Post by raindogs » 27 Oct 2013, 13:20
Dear forum users!
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It so happened that in Taiwan the new Corolla was released only on October 14, respectively, tuning elements have only just begun to appear. We will post more detailed photos and new items as they arrive. 4 main differences between our Corolla and the Taiwanese one1. It's called Altis2. Rear lights are diode (LED) in the base3.
The top configuration comes with LED4 lensed optics. There is a sports package Z with body kit and with a spoiler with LED backlight. Condition of all goods: New Location: Taipei, Taiwan Delivery: EMS to any city in the Russian Federation and the CIS, the tariff is the same to any city, because is considered to be Taiwan-Russia, regardless of the destination city.
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Alternative methods of communication: e-mail – [email protected] phone +79O2-925-8O-2O, ICQ 575978380
Most of the accessories offered are genuine Toyota accessories of the highest quality. Last edited by raindogs on Oct 27, 2013 1:44 pm, edited 1 time in total. raindogs Messages: 26 Registered on: Oct 25, 2013 12:40 pm Car: Corolla
#2
Post by raindogs » 27 Oct 2013, 13:23
Chrome mirror covers for Toyota Corolla 2013+Price 89 USD with delivery to any city in the Russian FederationLast edited by raindogs on Nov 05, 2013, 11:09 am, edited 1 time in total. raindogs Messages: 26 Registered: Oct 25, 2013, 12:40 pm Car: Corolla
#3
Post by raindogs » 27 Oct 2013, 13:25
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#4
Post by raindogs » 27 Oct 2013, 13:27
Chrome lining for door handles Toyota Corolla 2013+ Set of 4 piecesPrice 114 USD with delivery to any city in the Russian FederationLast edited by raindogs on Nov 05, 2013, 11:12 am, edited 1 time in total. raindogs Messages: 26 Registered: Oct 25, 2013, 12:40 pm Car: Corolla
#5
Post by raindogs » 27 Oct 2013, 13:30
LED dimensions for the rear bumper of Toyota Corolla 2013+ Set of 2 pieces. Price 148 USD with delivery to any city in the Russian Federation. Last edited by raindogs on Nov 05, 2013, 11:14 am, edited 1 time in total. raindogs Messages: 26 Registered: Oct 25, 2013, 12: 40 Car: Corolla
#6
Post by raindogs » 27 Oct 2013, 13:32
Carbon automatic transmission handle with lock Toyota Corolla 2013+Price 174 USD with delivery to any city in the Russian FederationLast edited by raindogs on November 5, 2013, 11:14, edited 2 times in total.raindogs Messages: 26 Registered: Oct 25, 2013, 12:40 Car: Corolla
#7
Post by raindogs » 27 Oct 2013, 13:33
Thresholds with White LED illumination Toyota Corolla 2013+ Set of 4 piecesPrice 193 USD with delivery to any city in the Russian FederationLast edited by raindogs on November 5, 2013, 11:15, edited 1 time in total.raindogs Messages: 26 Registered: Oct 25, 2013, 12:40 Car : Corolla
#8
Post by raindogs » 27 Oct 2013, 13:36
Chrome Front bumper molding with blue LED backlight Toyota Corolla 2013+Price 221 USD with delivery to any city in the Russian FederationLast edited by raindogs on Nov 05, 2013, 11:16 am, edited 1 time in total. raindogs Messages: 26 Registered: Oct 25, 2013, 12:40 pm Car: Corolla
#9
Post by raindogs » 27 Oct 2013, 13:38
Chrome Trunk molding with LED lighting Toyota Corolla 2013+Price 203 USD with delivery to any city in the Russian FederationLast edited by raindogs on November 5, 2013, 11:17, edited 2 times in total. raindogs Messages: 26 Registered: Oct 25, 2013, 12:40 Car: Corolla
#10
Post by raindogs » 27 Oct 2013, 13:40
Thresholds with Blue LED illumination Toyota Corolla 2013+ Set of 4 pieces. Price 210 USD with delivery to any city in the Russian Federation Last edited by raindogs on Nov 05, 2013, 11:18 am, edited 1 time in total. raindogs Messages: 26 Registered: Oct 25, 2013, 12: 40 Car: Corolla
#11
Post by raindogs » 27 Oct 2013, 13:43
Chrome door moldings for Toyota Corolla 2013+ with Altis inscription Set of 4 pieces Price 231 USD with delivery to any city in the Russian Federation Last edited by raindogs on Nov 05, 2013, 11:18 am, edited 1 time in total. raindogs Messages: 26 Registered: Oct 25, 2013, 12:40 pm Car: Corolla
#12
Post by raindogs » 27 Oct 2013, 13:46
Kit for installing steering wheel shift paddles for Toyota Corolla 2013+ Price 253 USD with delivery to any city in the Russian Federation
raindogs Messages: 26 Registered: Oct 25, 2013, 12:40 pm Car: Corolla
#13
Post by raindogs » 27 Oct 2013, 13:48
DRL Daytime running lights Toyota Corolla 2013+Price 248 USD with delivery to any city in the Russian FederationLast edited by raindogs 05 Nov 2013, 11:20, edited 1 time in total. raindogs Messages: 26 Registered: 25 Oct 2013, 12:40 Car: Corolla
#14
Post by raindogs » 27 Oct 2013, 13:51
Steering wheel with wooden inserts for carbon fiber Toyota Corolla 2013+Price 282 USD with delivery to any city in the Russian FederationLast edited by raindogs on November 05, 2013, 11:20, edited 1 time in total.
MaximT Messages: 34 Registered: 09 Jan 2013, 15:39 Car: Toyota Corolla LE, 2ZRFE, AT, Silver, 2010 Location: Primorye
#20
Post by MaximT » 21 Dec 2013, 16:05
Hello. Can you get a right headlight for a 10 year American Corolla and how much will it cost?
Go
Source: http://tc-club.ru/viewtopic.php?t=1045
Modern car tuning - a necessity or a tribute to fashion
The concept of tuning did not exist decades ago, but car owners have been striving to modify or change the factory standard since the mass stamping of cars. This mainly concerned the interior of the cabin: how could we do without the braid on the steering wheel, the fringe on the front windshield and the lamp, curtains on the rear window, and a massage cape on the front seats.
Currently, recycling your car has become global and ubiquitous. Everyone determines the need to modernize their car for themselves.
Someone wants to give a second life to their old “trough”, someone longs for the admiring sighs of passers-by, for someone the power and speed of their road friend are important.
And during this time, you can pump up the car in such a way that your native car plant will not recognize it. Modern car tuning is divided into several types:
- technical,
- interior and
- exterior.
Interior
As for the interior decoration, you don’t have to limit yourself to just buying new rugs and covers. Literally everything in the cabin is subject to modification. A great variety of materials for upholstery: leather, dermantin, suede, carpet.
To update the plastic, the same materials or different types of film are used. You can screw on a sports steering wheel or simply cover it with leather, replace the seats with orthopedic ones, install a car alarm and parking sensors. Install soundproofing in the interior and buy a new audio system.
Insert neon lights into the dashboard and replace the instruments.
Exterior
Just repainting the car has become boring. It was probably in response to this that airbrushing was invented. In the studio, according to your order, an exclusive drawing will be applied, which will certainly bring you joy and attract the attention of passers-by.
If you want something original and not eternal for the body - please, there are a lot of wonderful vinyl decals or stickers that erase the ordinariness of the car's appearance.
Numerous types of films are also used for exterior finishing: matte, transparent, chrome-plated, protective, carbon imitation (it is also used inside the cabin). If you get tired of them, you can simply replace them.
However, the external design of the car is closely intertwined with technical tuning - installed aerodynamic bells and whistles and alloy wheels with low-profile tires will definitely require an increase in engine power. Unless you want to quietly crawl along the road and surprise passers-by with just your view.
Technical tuning
The most crucial moment is the modification of the engine. By boring the cylinders, the volume and, accordingly, the power increases. It is also necessary to replace the pistons and flywheel with lighter but stronger ones.
To increase torque, replace the camshaft with a sports one. In carburetor-type cars, jets are changed. And together with upgrading the engine, you simply need to improve the transmission and curb the bursting agility with good brakes.
Otherwise, these power units will not withstand the increased load on them.
Change, decorate your cars, but remain prudent in your endeavor. The car must meet safety requirements.
Source: http://mobiblio.ru/sovremennyj-tyuning-avtomobilej/
Examples of car tuning
A selection of examples of various (technical and visual) tuning works for passenger cars of all makes and models (including new products of 2018-2019) performed by various “tuning studios” and, so to speak, “created with your own hands.”
Exclusive Gemballa MIG
The MIG tuning car is based on the legendary Ferrari Enzo supercar, which was produced in an edition of 399 units. After modernization, the model’s power unit became more powerful by 40 horsepower. All components of the car are made of carbon fiber, which has an extremely positive effect on its dynamic characteristics.
Discuss Next… Ford Police Interceptor Utility
A version of the Explorer all-terrain vehicle designed for police appeared in 2010, and in 2015, along with the “civilian” model, it underwent an update. The car has in its arsenal a lot of special “gadgets” that help in the fight against crime.
Discuss Next… SUV “PacWest Adventure”
The PacWest Adventure tuning car was developed based on the Kia Sorento crossover. It is designed for off-road driving. The model is distinguished by an unusual body color, as well as the presence of an expeditionary trunk, mud tires and a winch. Moreover, it has increased ground clearance and an upgraded engine.
Discuss Next… Lumma CLR RS (Range Rover Sport)
For owners of the premium British SUV Range Rover Sport L494, German styling specialists offer an “improvement package” under the simple name “CLR RS”, which is designed to improve the aerodynamics of the car and, most importantly, its “visual aggression”.
Discuss Next… Sports car GT 86 TRD Griffon Concept
Toyota Racing Development has changed the “stock GT86” beyond recognition – creating from it a conceptual racing car that impresses not only with its bright appearance, but also with its dynamic qualities on the track (thanks to a significant reduction in the car’s weight and increased engine power).
Discuss Next… Armored car “INTERCEPTOR” from Devolro
The INTERCEPTOR armored SUV, like other cars from Devolro, is built on the basis of the Toyota Tundra pickup truck. American tuning specialists created it for the most demanding customers. This model can withstand pistols, machine guns and even grenades.
Discuss Next… Lumma CLR X 6 R (BMW X6 F16)
It would seem - “what can be added to the appearance of the X-sixth to make him more attractive?” So Lumma specialists can easily answer this question just by demonstrating their creation under the name “CLR X 6 R” (and they have a huge number of styling variations for the “F16”).
Discuss Next... The harsh UAZ Patriot from Devolro
In 2017, the Devolro tuning studio will release its version of the UAZ Patriot. The car, created in the USA, will be very different from the all-terrain vehicle we are familiar with - specialists will change the engine line, redesign the exterior and interior of the model, and also equip the car with new equipment.
Discuss Next...
The version of the “Ulyanovsk pickup” redesigned by the Devolro tuning studio will be radically different from the original car. It will receive a powerful Mercedes-Benz engine. In addition, the Americans will work on the model’s off-road capabilities, and will also equip it with power bumpers, additional lighting and a better body compartment.
Discuss Next… Photo hunter “Photo Safari Sedona”
The Photo Safari Sedona pickup truck, built on the basis of a Kia brand minivan, is designed specifically for photographers. Its interior contains two seats, a full-fledged workstation with a computer and a compartment for equipment. In addition, the tuning car received air suspension and wheels with off-road tires.
Discuss Next...
This section contains reviews of “tuned” cars with photographs. Their technical characteristics are indicated (the list of changes made and how they affected the driving performance of the car), as well as the estimated price (if it is stated by the “manufacturer”).
Source: https://auto.ironhorse.ru/ct/primery-tyuninga
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